natives of the soil

terra (archaic tera, Varr. L. L. 5, 4, 21), ae ( gen. terras, Naev. ap. Prisc. p. 679 P.: terraï, Enn. ap. Charis. p. 7 ib. (Ann. v. 479 Vahl.); Lucr. 1, 212; 1, 251; 2, 1063; 3, 989 et saep.), f. [perh. Sanscr. root tarsh-, to be dry, thirsty; Lat. torreo, torris; Germ Durst; Engl. thirst; prop. the dry land], the earth, opp. to the heavens, the sea, the air, etc.; land, ground, soil (cf.: tellus, solum).

In gen.:

principio terra universa cernatur, locata in mediā sede mundi, solida et globosa et undique ipsa in sese nutibus suis conglobata, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 98:

terra in medio mundo sita,

id. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:

hunc statum esse hujus totius mundi atque naturae, rotundum ut caelum, terra ut media sit, eaque suā vi nutuque teneatur,

id. de Or. 3, 45, 178:

umbra terrae,

id. Rep. 1, 14, 22:

terrae motus,

earthquakes, id. Div. 1, 18, 35; 1, 35, 78; cf. Sen. Q. N. 6, 1, 1 sqq.; Curt. 4, 4 fin.: Plin. 2, 79, 81, § 191 sq.:

res invectae ex terrā,

Cic. Rep. 2, 5, 10:

terra continens adventus hostium denuntiat,

id. ib. 2, 3, 6:

Massilia fere ex tribus oppidi partibus mari alluitur: reliqua quarta est, quae aditum habeat a terrā,

Caes. B. C. 2, 1:

cui parti (insulae) nulla est objecta terra,

id. B. G. 5, 13:

iter terrā petere,

Cic. Planc. 40, 96; cf.:

ipse terrā eodem pergit,

Liv. 31, 16, 3:

esse in terrā atque in tuto loco,

on solid ground, Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 87:

ex magnā jactatione terram videns,

Cic. Mur. 2, 4: terrā marique, by land and by water (very freq.), id. Att. 9, 1, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 19, 56; Vatin. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 9, 2; Sall. C. 13, 3; cf. Cic. Ac. 2, 38, 120:

insidiae terrā marique factae,

id. Verr. 1, 2, 3;

the form et terrā et mari is also class.,

id. ib. 2, 2, 39, § 96 (B. and K. bracket the first et); 2, 5, 50, § 131; id. Mur. 15, 33; Liv. 37, 29, 5; Nep. Hann. 10, 2; id. Ham. 1, 2; id. Alcib. 1, 2; Sen. Ep 60, 2; 101, 4;

for which also: bellum terrā et mari comparat,

id. Att. 10, 4, 3:

terrā ac mari,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 2, § 4:

marique terrāque usque quāque quaeritat,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 105:

aut terrā aut mari,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 83:

mari atque terrā,

Sall. C. 53, 2:

mari ac terrā,

Flor. 2, 8, 11:

mari terrāque,

Liv. 37, 11, 9; 37, 52, 3:

natura sic ab his investigata est, ut nulla pars caelo, mari, terrā (ut poëtice loquar) praetermissa sit,

Cic. Fin. 5, 4, 9:

eorum, quae gignuntur e terrā, stirpes et stabilitatem dant iis, quae sustinent, et ex terrā sucum trahunt, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 47, 120:

num qui nummi exciderunt, ere, tibi, quod sic terram Obtuere?

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 17:

tollere saxa de terrā,

Cic. Caecin. 21, 60:

tam crebri ad terram accidebant, quam pira,

Plaut. Poen. 2, 38; so,

ad terram,

id. Capt. 4, 2, 17; id. Pers. 2, 4, 22; id. Rud. 4, 3, 71:

aliquem in terram statuere,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 18:

ne quid in terram defluat,

Cic. Lael. 16, 58:

penitus terrae defigitur arbos,

Verg. G. 2, 290; so. terrae (dat.), id. ib. 2, 318; id. A. 11, 87; Ov. M. 2, 347; Liv. 5, 51, 3; Plin. 14, 21, 27, § 133 al.:

sub terris si jura deum,

in the infernal regions, Prop. 3, 5 (4, 4), 39; cf.:

mei sub terras ibit imago,

Verg. A. 4, 654:

genera terrae,

kinds of earth, Plin. 35, 16, 53, § 191:

Samia terra,

Samian pottery clay, id. 28, 12, 53, § 194: terrae filius, son of earth, i. e. human being, Cic. Att. 1, 13, 4:

terrā orti,

natives of the soil, aborigines, autochthones, Quint. 3, 7, 26: cum aquam terramque ab Lacedaemoniis petierunt, water and earth (as a token of subjection), Liv. 35, 17, 7:

terram edere,

Cels. 2, 7, 7. —

Personified, Terra, the Earth, as a goddess;

usu. called Tellus, Magna Mater, Ceres, Cybele, etc.: jam si est Ceres a gerendo, Terra ipsa dea est et ita habetur: quae est enim alia Tellus?

Cic. N. D. 3, 20, 52; cf. Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 5; Ov. F. 6, 299; 6. 460; Hyg. Fab. 55; 140; 152; Naev. 2, 16; Suet. Tib. 75. —

In partic., a land, country, region, territory (cf.: regio, plaga, tractus): Laurentis terra, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 762 P. (Ann. v. 35 Vahl.):

terra erilis patria,

Plaut. Stich. 5. 2, 2; cf.:

in nostrā terrā in Apuliā,

id. Cas. prol. 72:

tua,

id. Men. 2, 1, 4:

mea,

Ov. Tr. 1, 1, 128:

in hac terrā,

Cic. Lael. 4, 13:

in eā terrā (sc. Sicilia),

id. Verr. 2, 4, 48, § 106:

terra Gallia,

Caes. B. G. 1, 30:

terra Italia,

Liv. 25 7, 4 Drak. N. cr.; 29, 10, 5; 30, 32, 6; 38, 47 6; 39, 17, 2;

42, 29, 1: Africa,

id. 29, 23, 10 Hispania, id. 38, 58, 5:

Pharsalia,

id. 33, 6, 11. —In plur.:

in quascumque terras,

Cic. Rep. 2, 4, 9:

eae terrae,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

qui terras incolunt eas, in quibus, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 16, 42:

abire in aliquas terras,

id. Cat. 1, 8, 20:

(Cimbri) alias terras petierunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 77 et saep. — Esp., terrae, the earth, the world:

pecunia tanta, quanta est in terris,

in the whole earth, in the world, Cic. Agr. 2, 23, 62:

quid erat in terris, ubi, etc.,

id. Phil. 2, 19, 48; 2, 20, 50; 2, 23, 57; id. Cael. 5, 12:

ruberes Viveret in terris te si quis avarior,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 157; Sen. Prov. 2, 9; so,

aureus hanc vitam in terris Saturnus agebat,

Verg. G. 2, 538:

terrarum cura,

id. ib. 1, 26. — Ante-class., also in terrā, in the world:

quibus nunc in terrā melius est?

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 100:

scelestiorem in terrā nullam esse alteram,

id. Cist. 4, 1, 8; id. Mil. 1, 1, 52; 2, 3, 42; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 51; id. Aul. 5, 9, 12; id. Curc. 1, 2, 51.—Hence also the phrase orbis terrarum, the world, the whole world, all nations:

quae orbem terrarum implevere famā,

Plin. 36, 36, 13, § 76:

Graecia in toto orbe terrarum potentissima,

id. 18, 7, 12, § 65:

cujus tres testes essent totum orbem terrarum nostro imperio teneri,

Cic. Balb. 6, 16; but freq. also orbis terrarum, the world, i. e. the empire of Rome:

orbis terrarum gentiumque omnium,

id. Agr. 2, 13, 33; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 36, 103;

while orbis terrae,

the globe, the earth, the world, id. Phil. 13, 15, 30; id. Fam. 5, 7, 3; id. Fl. 41, 103; id. Agr. 1, 1, 2;

but also with ref. to the Roman dominion,

id. de Or. 3, 32, 131; id. Sull. 11, 33; id. Dom. 42, 110; id. Phil. 8, 3, 10; id. Off, 2, 8, 27; id. Cat. 1, 1, 3; cf.

of the Senate: publicum orbis terrae consilium,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 4; id. Cat. 1, 4, 9; id. Phil. 3, 14, 34; 4, 6, 14; 7, 7, 19;

v. orbis: quoquo hinc asportabitur terrarum, certum est persequi,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 3, 18: ubi terrarum esses, ne suspicabar quidem, in what country, or where in the world, Cic. Att. 5, 10, 4, so, ubi terrarum, id. Rab. Post. 13, 37:

ubicumque terrarum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 55, § 143; id. Phil. 2, 44, 113.

terra (archaic tera, Varr. L. L. 5, 4, 21), ae ( gen. terras, Naev. ap. Prisc. p. 679 P.: terraï, Enn. ap. Charis. p. 7 ib. (Ann. v. 479 Vahl.); Lucr. 1, 212; 1, 251; 2, 1063; 3, 989 et saep.), f. [perh. Sanscr. root tarsh-, to be dry, thirsty; Lat. torreo, torris; Germ Durst; Engl. thirst; prop. the dry land], the earth, opp. to the heavens, the sea, the air, etc.; land, ground, soil (cf.: tellus, solum).

In gen.:

principio terra universa cernatur, locata in mediā sede mundi, solida et globosa et undique ipsa in sese nutibus suis conglobata, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 98:

terra in medio mundo sita,

id. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:

hunc statum esse hujus totius mundi atque naturae, rotundum ut caelum, terra ut media sit, eaque suā vi nutuque teneatur,

id. de Or. 3, 45, 178:

umbra terrae,

id. Rep. 1, 14, 22:

terrae motus,

earthquakes, id. Div. 1, 18, 35; 1, 35, 78; cf. Sen. Q. N. 6, 1, 1 sqq.; Curt. 4, 4 fin.: Plin. 2, 79, 81, § 191 sq.:

res invectae ex terrā,

Cic. Rep. 2, 5, 10:

terra continens adventus hostium denuntiat,

id. ib. 2, 3, 6:

Massilia fere ex tribus oppidi partibus mari alluitur: reliqua quarta est, quae aditum habeat a terrā,

Caes. B. C. 2, 1:

cui parti (insulae) nulla est objecta terra,

id. B. G. 5, 13:

iter terrā petere,

Cic. Planc. 40, 96; cf.:

ipse terrā eodem pergit,

Liv. 31, 16, 3:

esse in terrā atque in tuto loco,

on solid ground, Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 87:

ex magnā jactatione terram videns,

Cic. Mur. 2, 4: terrā marique, by land and by water (very freq.), id. Att. 9, 1, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 19, 56; Vatin. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 9, 2; Sall. C. 13, 3; cf. Cic. Ac. 2, 38, 120:

insidiae terrā marique factae,

id. Verr. 1, 2, 3;

the form et terrā et mari is also class.,

id. ib. 2, 2, 39, § 96 (B. and K. bracket the first et); 2, 5, 50, § 131; id. Mur. 15, 33; Liv. 37, 29, 5; Nep. Hann. 10, 2; id. Ham. 1, 2; id. Alcib. 1, 2; Sen. Ep 60, 2; 101, 4;

for which also: bellum terrā et mari comparat,

id. Att. 10, 4, 3:

terrā ac mari,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 2, § 4:

marique terrāque usque quāque quaeritat,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 105:

aut terrā aut mari,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 83:

mari atque terrā,

Sall. C. 53, 2:

mari ac terrā,

Flor. 2, 8, 11:

mari terrāque,

Liv. 37, 11, 9; 37, 52, 3:

natura sic ab his investigata est, ut nulla pars caelo, mari, terrā (ut poëtice loquar) praetermissa sit,

Cic. Fin. 5, 4, 9:

eorum, quae gignuntur e terrā, stirpes et stabilitatem dant iis, quae sustinent, et ex terrā sucum trahunt, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 47, 120:

num qui nummi exciderunt, ere, tibi, quod sic terram Obtuere?

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 17:

tollere saxa de terrā,

Cic. Caecin. 21, 60:

tam crebri ad terram accidebant, quam pira,

Plaut. Poen. 2, 38; so,

ad terram,

id. Capt. 4, 2, 17; id. Pers. 2, 4, 22; id. Rud. 4, 3, 71:

aliquem in terram statuere,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 18:

ne quid in terram defluat,

Cic. Lael. 16, 58:

penitus terrae defigitur arbos,

Verg. G. 2, 290; so. terrae (dat.), id. ib. 2, 318; id. A. 11, 87; Ov. M. 2, 347; Liv. 5, 51, 3; Plin. 14, 21, 27, § 133 al.:

sub terris si jura deum,

in the infernal regions, Prop. 3, 5 (4, 4), 39; cf.:

mei sub terras ibit imago,

Verg. A. 4, 654:

genera terrae,

kinds of earth, Plin. 35, 16, 53, § 191:

Samia terra,

Samian pottery clay, id. 28, 12, 53, § 194: terrae filius, son of earth, i. e. human being, Cic. Att. 1, 13, 4:

terrā orti,

natives of the soil, aborigines, autochthones, Quint. 3, 7, 26: cum aquam terramque ab Lacedaemoniis petierunt, water and earth (as a token of subjection), Liv. 35, 17, 7:

terram edere,

Cels. 2, 7, 7. —

Personified, Terra, the Earth, as a goddess;

usu. called Tellus, Magna Mater, Ceres, Cybele, etc.: jam si est Ceres a gerendo, Terra ipsa dea est et ita habetur: quae est enim alia Tellus?

Cic. N. D. 3, 20, 52; cf. Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 5; Ov. F. 6, 299; 6. 460; Hyg. Fab. 55; 140; 152; Naev. 2, 16; Suet. Tib. 75. —

In partic., a land, country, region, territory (cf.: regio, plaga, tractus): Laurentis terra, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 762 P. (Ann. v. 35 Vahl.):

terra erilis patria,

Plaut. Stich. 5. 2, 2; cf.:

in nostrā terrā in Apuliā,

id. Cas. prol. 72:

tua,

id. Men. 2, 1, 4:

mea,

Ov. Tr. 1, 1, 128:

in hac terrā,

Cic. Lael. 4, 13:

in eā terrā (sc. Sicilia),

id. Verr. 2, 4, 48, § 106:

terra Gallia,

Caes. B. G. 1, 30:

terra Italia,

Liv. 25 7, 4 Drak. N. cr.; 29, 10, 5; 30, 32, 6; 38, 47 6; 39, 17, 2;

42, 29, 1: Africa,

id. 29, 23, 10 Hispania, id. 38, 58, 5:

Pharsalia,

id. 33, 6, 11. —In plur.:

in quascumque terras,

Cic. Rep. 2, 4, 9:

eae terrae,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

qui terras incolunt eas, in quibus, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 16, 42:

abire in aliquas terras,

id. Cat. 1, 8, 20:

(Cimbri) alias terras petierunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 77 et saep. — Esp., terrae, the earth, the world:

pecunia tanta, quanta est in terris,

in the whole earth, in the world, Cic. Agr. 2, 23, 62:

quid erat in terris, ubi, etc.,

id. Phil. 2, 19, 48; 2, 20, 50; 2, 23, 57; id. Cael. 5, 12:

ruberes Viveret in terris te si quis avarior,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 157; Sen. Prov. 2, 9; so,

aureus hanc vitam in terris Saturnus agebat,

Verg. G. 2, 538:

terrarum cura,

id. ib. 1, 26. — Ante-class., also in terrā, in the world:

quibus nunc in terrā melius est?

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 100:

scelestiorem in terrā nullam esse alteram,

id. Cist. 4, 1, 8; id. Mil. 1, 1, 52; 2, 3, 42; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 51; id. Aul. 5, 9, 12; id. Curc. 1, 2, 51.—Hence also the phrase orbis terrarum, the world, the whole world, all nations:

quae orbem terrarum implevere famā,

Plin. 36, 36, 13, § 76:

Graecia in toto orbe terrarum potentissima,

id. 18, 7, 12, § 65:

cujus tres testes essent totum orbem terrarum nostro imperio teneri,

Cic. Balb. 6, 16; but freq. also orbis terrarum, the world, i. e. the empire of Rome:

orbis terrarum gentiumque omnium,

id. Agr. 2, 13, 33; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 36, 103;

while orbis terrae,

the globe, the earth, the world, id. Phil. 13, 15, 30; id. Fam. 5, 7, 3; id. Fl. 41, 103; id. Agr. 1, 1, 2;

but also with ref. to the Roman dominion,

id. de Or. 3, 32, 131; id. Sull. 11, 33; id. Dom. 42, 110; id. Phil. 8, 3, 10; id. Off, 2, 8, 27; id. Cat. 1, 1, 3; cf.

of the Senate: publicum orbis terrae consilium,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 4; id. Cat. 1, 4, 9; id. Phil. 3, 14, 34; 4, 6, 14; 7, 7, 19;

v. orbis: quoquo hinc asportabitur terrarum, certum est persequi,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 3, 18: ubi terrarum esses, ne suspicabar quidem, in what country, or where in the world, Cic. Att. 5, 10, 4, so, ubi terrarum, id. Rab. Post. 13, 37:

ubicumque terrarum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 55, § 143; id. Phil. 2, 44, 113.

(pl. óðul), n. ancestral property, patrimony, inheritance (in land); family homestead; native place; flýja óðul sín, to abandon one’s home, go into exile.

* * *

n., pl. óðul; in Norse MSS. it is usually contracted before a vowel (whence arose the forms öðli eðli), and owing to a peculiarity in the Norse sound of ð an r is inserted in contracted forms, örðla, orðlom, N. G. L. passim: [akin to aðal, öðli, eðli, = nature; öðlask = adipisci; oðlingr, q. v.; A. S. êðel = patrimony; it is also the parent word of Germ. edel, adel, = noble, nobility, for the nobility of the earliest Teut. communities consisted of the land-owners. From this word also originated mid. Lat. allodium, prob. by inverting the syllables for the sake of euphony (all-od = od-al); oðal or ethel is the vernacular Teut. form, allodium the Latinised form, which is never found in vernacular writers; it may be that the transposition of syllables was due to the th sound in oðal; and hence, again, the word feudal is a compd word, fee-odal, or an odal held as a fee or feif from the king, and answering to heið-launað óðal of the Norse law (heið = fee = king’s pay), N. G. L. i. 91.]

B. Nature, inborn quality, property, = aðal, eðli, öðli, q. v.; this seems to be the original sense, þat er eigi at réttu mannsins óðal, Sks. 326 B; þat er helzt byrjar til farmanns óðals, a seaman’s life, 52; þat er kaupmanna óðal (= mercatorum est), 28; jörlum öllum óðal batni, Gh. 21.

II. a law term, an allodium, property held in allodial tenure, patrimony. The condition which in the Norse law constitutes an oðal was either an unbroken succession from father to son (er afi hefir afa leift) through three or more generations, N. G. L. i. 91, 237, Gþl. 284; or unbroken possession for thirty or more years, N. G. L. i. 249; or sixty years, Gþl. 284; or it might be acquired through brand-erfð (q. v.), through weregild, barn-fóstr (q. v.); and lastly heið-launað óðal, an allodial fief, was granted for services rendered to the king, see N. G. L. i. 91: the oðal descended to the son, and was opp. to útjarðir ( out-lands), and lausa-fé ( movables), which descended to the daughter, Gþl. 233; yet even a woman, e. g. a baugrygr (q. v.), could hold an oðal, in which case she was called óðals-kona, 92, jörð komin undir snúð ok snældu = an estate come under the rule of the spindle, N. G. L. i. 237; the allit. phrase, arfr ok óðal, 31, Gþl. 250: brigða óðal, N. G. L. i. 86; selja óðal, to sell one’s óðal, 237. The oðal was in a certain sense inalienable within a family, so that even when parted with, the possessor still retained a title (land-brigð, máldagi á landi). In the ancient Scandin. communities the inhabited land was possessed by free oðalsmen (allodial holders), and the king was the lord of the people, but not of the soil. At a later time, when the small communities were merged into great kingdoms, through conquest or otherwise, the king laid hold of the land, and all the ancient oðals were to be held as a grant from the king; such an attempt of king Harold Fairhair in Norway and the earls of Orkney in those islands is recorded in Hkr. Har. S. Hárf. ch. 6, Eg. ch. 4, cp. Ld. ch. 2, Orkn. ch. 8, 30, 80 (in Mr. Dasent’s Ed.); cp. also Hák. S. Goða ch. 1. Those attempts are recorded in the Icel. Sagas as acts of tyranny and confiscation, and as one of the chief causes for the great emigration from the Scandinavian kingdoms during the 9th century (the question of free land here playing the same part as that of free religion in Great Britain in the 17th century). The attempt failed in Norway, where the old oðal institution remains in the main to the present day. Even the attempts of king Harold were, according to historians (Konrad Maurer), not quite analogous to what took place in England after the Conquest, but appear to have taken something like the form of a land-tax or rent; but as the Sagas represent it, it was an attempt towards turning the free odal institution into a feudal one, such as had already taken place among the Teutons in Southern Europe.

III. gener. and metaph. usages, one’s native land, homestead, inheritance; the land is called the ‘oðal’ of the reigning king, á Danr ok Danpr dýrar hallir, æðra óðal, en ér hafit, Rm. 45; eignask namtú óðal þegna, allan Noreg, Gauta spjalli, Fms. vi. 26 (in a verse); banna Sveini sín óðul, St. Olave will defend his óðal against Sweyn, 426 (in a verse); flýja óðul sín, to fly one’s óðal, go into exile, Fms. iv. 217; flýja óðul eðr eignir, vii. 25; koma aptr í Noreg til óðala sinna, 196; þeim er þar eru útlendir ok eigi eigu þar óðul, who are strangers and not natives there, Edda 3; öðlask Paradísar óðal, the inheritance of Paradise, 655 viii. 2; himneskt óðal, heavenly inheritance, Greg. 68; njóta þeirra gjafa ok óðala er Adam var útlægr frá rekinn, Sks. 512: allit., jarl ok óðal, earl (or franklin) and odal, Gh. 21.

2. spec. phrase, at alda óðali, for everlasting inheritance, i. e. for ever and ever, D. N. i. 229: contr., at alda öðli, id., Grág. i. 264, D.I. i. 266; til alda óðals, for ever, iii. 88: mod., frá, alda öðli, from time immemorial.

C. COMPDS: óðalsborinn, óðalsbréf, óðalsbrigð, óðalsjörð, óðalskona, óðalsmaðr, óðalsnautr, óðalsneyti, óðalsréttr, óðalsskipti, óðalstuptir, óðalsvitni.

विदर्भाः (m. pl.) [विगताः दर्भाः कुशा यतः Tv.]

1 N. of a district, the modern Berar; अस्ति विदर्भो नाम जनपदः Dk.; अस्ति विदर्भेषु पद्मपुरं नाम नगरम् Māl.1; R.5.4,6; N.1.5.

-2 The natives of Vidarbha.

-र्भः 1 A king of the Vidarbhas.

-2 Any dry or desert soil.

-Comp. -जा, -तनया, -राजतनया, -सुभ्रूः epithets of Dama- yantī, daughter of the king of the Vidarbhas.

-जा N. of the wife of Agastya.